vignettes/introduction.Rmd
introduction.Rmdkeyholder is a package for storing information (keys) about rows of data frame like objects. The common use cases are to track rows of data without modifying it and to backup and restore information about rows. This is done with creating a class keyed_df which has special attribute “keys”. Keys are updated according to changes in rows of reference data frame.
keyholder is designed to work tightly with dplyr package. All its one- and two-table verbs update keys properly.
The general agreement is that keys are always converted to tibble. In this way one can use multiple variables as keys by binding them.
There are two general ways of creating keys:
as_tibble(). To make sense it should have the same number of rows as reference data frame. There are two functions for assigning: keys<- and assign_keys() which are basically the same. The former use more suitable for interactive use and the latter - for piping with magrittr’s pipe operator %>%.
mtcars_tbl_keyed <- mtcars_tbl
keys(mtcars_tbl_keyed) <- tibble(id = 1:nrow(mtcars_tbl_keyed))
mtcars_tbl %>% assign_keys(tibble(id = 1:nrow(.)))
#> # A keyed object. Keys: id
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rowskey_by() and its scoped variants (*_all(), *_if() and *_at()). This is similar in its design to dplyr’s group_by(): it takes some columns from reference data frame and makes keys from them. It has two important options: .add (whether to add specified columns to existing keys) and .exclude (whether to exclude specified columns from reference data frame). Grouping is ignored.
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, am)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: vs, am
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(starts_with("c"))
#> # A keyed object. Keys: cyl, carb
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(starts_with("c"), .exclude = TRUE)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: cyl, carb
#> # A tibble: 32 × 9
#> mpg disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4
#> 2 21 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4
#> 3 22.8 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4
#> # … with 29 more rows
# Scoped variants
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by_all()
#> # A keyed object. Keys: mpg, cyl, disp, hp, drat, wt, qsec, vs, am, gear, carb
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
# One can also rename variables before keying by supplying .funs
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by_if(rlang::is_integerish, .funs = toupper)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: CYL, HP, VS, AM, GEAR, CARB
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by_at(c("vs", "am"))
#> # A keyed object. Keys: vs, am
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rowsTo track rows use use_id() which creates a special key .id with row numbers as values.
To properly unkey object use unkey().
mtcars_tbl_keyed <- mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, am)
# Good
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% unkey()
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
# Bad
attr(mtcars_tbl_keyed, "keys") <- NULL
mtcars_tbl_keyed
#> # A keyed object. Keys: there are no keys.
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rowsThere are three ways of extracting keys:
keys(). This function always returns a tibble. In case of no keys it returns a tibble with number of rows as in reference data frame and zero columns.
mtcars_tbl %>% keys()
#> # A tibble: 32 × 0
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, am) %>% keys()
#> # A tibble: 32 × 2
#> vs am
#> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 0 1
#> 2 0 1
#> 3 1 1
#> # … with 29 more rowsraw_keys() which is just a wrapper for attr(.tbl, "keys").
mtcars_tbl %>% raw_keys()
#> NULL
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, am) %>% raw_keys()
#> # A tibble: 32 × 2
#> vs am
#> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 0 1
#> 2 0 1
#> 3 1 1
#> # … with 29 more rowspull_key() which works like dplyr’s pull applied to keys:remove_keys() and its scoped variants. If all keys are removed one can automatically unkey object by setting option .unkey to TRUE.
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, mpg) %>% remove_keys(vs)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: mpg
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, mpg) %>% remove_keys(everything(), .unkey = TRUE)
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
# Scoped variants
# Identical to previous one
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, mpg) %>% remove_keys_all(.unkey = TRUE)
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, mpg) %>% remove_keys_if(rlang::is_integerish)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: mpg
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rowsrestore_keys() and its scoped variants. Restoring means creating or modifying a column in reference data frame with values taken from keys. After restoring certain key one can remove it from keys by setting .remove to TRUE. There is also an option .unkey identical to one in remove_keys() (which is meaningful only in case .remove is TRUE).
mtcars_tbl_keyed <- mtcars_tbl %>%
key_by(vs, mpg) %>%
mutate(vs = 1, mpg = 0)
mtcars_tbl_keyed
#> # A keyed object. Keys: vs, mpg
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 0 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 1 1 4 4
#> 2 0 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 1 1 4 4
#> 3 0 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% restore_keys(vs)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: vs, mpg
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 0 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 0 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 0 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% restore_keys(vs, .remove = TRUE)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: mpg
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 0 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 0 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 0 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% restore_keys(vs, mpg, .unkey = TRUE)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: vs, mpg
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% restore_keys(vs, mpg, .remove = TRUE, .unkey = TRUE)
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
# Scoped variants
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% restore_keys_all()
#> # A keyed object. Keys: vs, mpg
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% restore_keys_if(rlang::is_integerish, .remove = TRUE)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: mpg
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 0 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 0 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 0 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rowsOne important feature of restore_keys() is that restoring keys beats ‘not-modifying’ grouping variables rule. It is made according to the ideology of keys: they contain information about rows and by restoring you want it to be available. Groups are recomputed after restoring.
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% group_by(vs, mpg)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: vs, mpg
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> # Groups: vs, mpg [1]
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 0 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 1 1 4 4
#> 2 0 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 1 1 4 4
#> 3 0 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% group_by(vs, mpg) %>% restore_keys(vs, mpg)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: vs, mpg
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> # Groups: vs, mpg [26]
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rowsrename_keys() and its scoped variants. Renaming is done with dplyr’s rename() or its scoped variant and so renaming format comes from them.
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, am) %>% rename_keys(Vs = vs)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: Vs, am
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rows
# Scoped variants
mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, am) %>% rename_keys_all(.funs = toupper)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: VS, AM
#> # A tibble: 32 × 11
#> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4
#> 2 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4
#> 3 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1
#> # … with 29 more rowsA method for subsetting function [ is implemented for keyed_df to react on changes in rows: if rows in reference data frame are rearranged or removed the same operation is done to keys.
mtcars_tbl_subset <- mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, am) %>%
`[`(c(3, 18, 19), c(2, 8, 9))
mtcars_tbl_subset
#> # A keyed object. Keys: vs, am
#> # A tibble: 3 × 3
#> cyl vs am
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 4 1 1
#> 2 4 1 1
#> 3 4 1 1
keys(mtcars_tbl_subset)
#> # A tibble: 3 × 2
#> vs am
#> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 1 1
#> 2 1 1
#> 3 1 1All one- and two-table verbs from dplyr (with present scoped variants) support keyed_df. Most functions react to changes in rows as in [ but some functions (summarise(), distinct() and do()) unkey object.
mtcars_tbl_keyed <- mtcars_tbl %>% key_by(vs, am)
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% select(gear, mpg)
#> # A keyed object. Keys: vs, am
#> # A tibble: 32 × 2
#> gear mpg
#> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 4 21
#> 2 4 21
#> 3 4 22.8
#> # … with 29 more rows
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% summarise(meanMPG = mean(mpg))
#> # A tibble: 1 × 1
#> meanMPG
#> <dbl>
#> 1 20.1
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% filter(vs == 1) %>% keys()
#> # A tibble: 14 × 2
#> vs am
#> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 1 1
#> 2 1 0
#> 3 1 0
#> # … with 11 more rows
mtcars_tbl_keyed %>% arrange_at("mpg") %>% keys()
#> # A tibble: 32 × 2
#> vs am
#> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 0 0
#> 2 0 0
#> 3 0 0
#> # … with 29 more rows
band_members %>% key_by(name) %>%
semi_join(band_instruments, by = "name") %>%
keys()
#> # A tibble: 2 × 1
#> name
#> <chr>
#> 1 John
#> 2 Paul